food packaging environmental impact

Endah Putri R. The Water and Land Footprint of Bioplastics (2018). Ideally, a food package would consist of materials that maintain the quality and safety of the food over time; are attractive, convenient, and easy to use while conveying all the desired information; are made from renewable resources, thereby generating no waste for disposal; and are inexpensive. Particularly, the full assessment of the environmental benefit of eco-innovative solutions in terms of material (resources and waste) and usage (reduction of food waste and losses) is currently not achieved. Elbersen B, Startisky I, Hengeveld G, Schelhaas M-J, Naeff H, Bottcher H. Atlas of EU Biomass Potentials (2012). 15. Causes of food loss and waste. 62. Moreover, the food and packaging industries encompass a large number of SME's, which face specific difficulties through not having sufficient in-house technical resources and needing to rely on suppliers for advice. Khanna S, Srivastava AK. Recent advances in microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates. By carefully sourcing our ingredients, reducing waste and being more energy efficient, we’re putting the environment first. 20. … 11. (2016) 133:1–11. Figure 4. ^Mitsubishi-Kagaku Foods Corporation. In order to contribute to solving the environmental issues of the food/packaging system as a whole, it is necessary to consider, in addition to the environmental impact of the packaging material itself, its contribution to the reduction of environmental impact of food loss and waste (8, 12). Environmental Impacts of Packaging and Food Service Ware Final Report Prepared by Franklin Associates, a Division of Eastern Research Group, for with the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Materials Management Section August 2018 Materials Management 700 NE Multnomah Portland, OR 97232 Phone: 503-229-5696 800-452-4011 Fax: 503-229-6762 Contact: Minal … Because consumers dictate what is produced by what they choose to buy, at some point they need to evaluate whether the convenience and added safety are worth the increase in materials. With the objective to convert agricultural and agro-food residues into “naturally biodegradable” packaging, microbial (bio-polyesters) engineered polymers enable a real environmental, economic and industrial added value by adopting regenerative process-oriented systems adapted to conventional and local industries. Modeling suggests that, if nothing is done, food waste could rise to over 200 million tons by 2050 (68, 69). ABSTRACT: The environmental impacts of packaging and food service ware (FSW) are increasingly the subject of government policy, public discourse, and industry commitments. From the ingredients in our favourite foods to the packaging protecting them, we care about the impact everything we stock has on our planet. Currently 8 million tons of plastics leak into the ocean each year worldwide for a total amount of 150 million tons of plastic waste in the ocean (14), 62% of it is packaging. But the biggest challenge remains the lack of collaboration and exchange between stakeholders of the food chain (R&D centers, food and packaging manufacturers, legislators, consumers) resulting in lab-scale prototypes that, though efficient, never meet market expectations in their entirety, in terms of potential applications, added-value, risk-benefit balance, compliance with EU rules or consumer trust. This achievement is in line with the EU targets11. Materials that have traditionally been used in food packaging include glass, metals (aluminum, foils and laminates, tinplate, and tin-free steel), paper and paperboards, and plastics. ^http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-consumption-production/. MAP-OPT : a software for supporting decision-making in the field of modified atmosphere packaging of fresh non respiring foods. As research to improve food packaging continues, advances in the field may affect the environmental impact of packaging. Graedel TE, Dubreuil A, Gerst M, Hashimoto S, Moriguchi Y, Müller D, et al. Compos Sci Technol. How to cut down on food packaging. Full assessment of environmental- and socio-economic benefits of packaging solutions is not straightforward. The adoption of eco-innovative packaging solutions by SMEs, that represent more than 90% of the EU food and packaging sector, is currently hampered by the fact that the large majority of these SMEs do not have a dedicated packaging manager and decision makers often lack the background knowledge, tools and network contacts regarding packaging issues that would otherwise enable them to move forward. Food Ingredients & Packaging. Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL. And both combustion and landfilling can have negative impacts on the environment through release of greenhouse gases or contamination of air and groundwater. Resour Conserv Recycl. EPA analysis of individual MSW generation rate shows a relatively constant rate of 4.5 lb/person/day since the 1990s, excluding the years 2000 and 2004 when it reached an all time high of 4.6 lb/person/day. Following usage, food packaging must be removed in an environmentally responsible manner. European Commission's Directorate-General Environment. Finally, commercially available eco-efficient packaging solutions are facing difficulty in being considered convincing “sustainable packaging” because their economic and environmental “cost vs. benefit” balance is not obviously and simply demonstrated, or even controversial, for most stakeholders who request trust to be restored and existing green washing suspicion to be lifted. Copyright © 2018 Guillard, Gaucel, Fornaciari, Angellier-Coussy, Buche and Gontard. Process Biochem. Villano M, Valentino F, Barbetta A, Martino L, Scandola M, Majone M. Polyhydroxyalkanoates production with mixed microbial cultures: from culture selection to polymer recovery in a high-rate continuous process. Among volatiles, organic aroma compounds from essential oil extracts such as allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) from mustard or carvacrol from oregano, have been proved to be particularly efficient on main microorganisms (56–58) at doses that are below the detection threshold by sensory panel. Food Technology Magazine 8. 9.2 billion tons of plastic have been produced, of which only 9 percent has been recycled properly. Betty Bugusu, Ph.D. ([email protected]), is Research Scientist, Dept. This applies to all pages in the Reducing Wasted Food & Packaging: A Guide for Food Services and Restaurants. New York, NY: CRC Press (2004). (2016) 89:161–74. Environmental + Energy Leader's mission is to provide news, best practices and research to influence the environment, energy and sustainability decisions and research. (2015) 14:1–21. 1991. However, the economic and safety disadvantages of glass boost the use of alternatives such as plastics. Climate Change and Global Food Systems: Global Assessments and Implications for Food Security and Trade (2015). Although the specific knowledge available has changed since publication of “Effective Management of Food Packaging: From Production to Disposal,” the Institute of Food Technologists’ first Scientific Status Summary on the relationship between food packaging and MSW (IFT, 1991), the issue remains poorly understood, complicating efforts to address the environmental impact of discarded packaging materials. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12117. Growth Within: A Circular Economy Vision for a Competitive Europe. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.02.006, 23. (2015) 111:131–9. Most of these eco-friendly innovations are less eco-friendly than expected: for instance, materials vary significantly in terms of quantity of renewable resources used in their formulation and may or may not be readily compostable as is often claimed. ,permeation of gases from the surrounding atmospheres, absorption of these same gases (e.g., O2 scavengers) or diffusion of active molecules voluntarily added in the packaging material (anti-microbial emitters). If I did buy any, it had to be recyclable. But this market remains very small with only 2% of the total polymer market. Municipal solid waste in the United States: 2005 facts and figures. 23 million tons of plastic packaging are produced each year in Europe (92 million tons expected in 2050)2. Thus, almost 50% of the food and packaging industries specialists are not fully aware of new available technologies (60). N Biotechnol. As a result, current packaging is usually over or poorly designed and not well adapted to the food needs. doi: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2016.08.001, 47. (2010) 23:403–11. Limitations of Solid Waste Management Practices Proper waste management requires careful planning, financing, collection, and transportation. 4. 61. Trends in antimicrobial food packaging systems: Emitting sachets and absorbent pads. This is fundamental to limiting our environmental impact, including GHG emissions. 5:121. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00121. ^Pira International, 2009; Research And Markets, 2010. 63. Communication on beverage packaging, deposit systems and free movement of goods. ^PlasticsEurope, Plastics—the Facts 2013 (2013); PlasticsEurope, Plastics—the Facts 2015 (2015). More especially, we can imagine by 2050, being able to produce 50% of the European food packaging materials from renewable, non-food resources by using up-cycling of organic (food and packaging) wastes, the other 50% oil-based materials being closed-loop recycled. Charles F, Sanchez J, Gontard N. Active modified atmosphere packaging of fresh fruits and vegetables: modeling with tomatoes and oxygen absorber. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.03.014, 51. This paper reviews the major challenges that food packaging must tackle in the near future in order to enter the virtuous loop of circular bio-economy. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. The information contained on these pages is intended to inform the public and does not establish or affect legal rights or obligations. Recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) - A review focusing on chemical methods. (2016) 133:42528. doi: 10.1002/app.42528, 22. World Economic Forum, Ellen MacArthur Foundation and McKinsey Company. The information contained on these pages is intended to inform the public and does not establish or affect legal rights or obligations. In fact, the negative environmental impacts associated with disposal of a PHA-TPS packaging in landfill with low gas capture rates can actually be offset if the package reduces food wastage (beef) by approximately 6%. The next generation of food packaging will support the transition from a linear to a circular economy. Scientists say more should be done to tackle the growing environmental impact of takeaway food containers. Realini CE, Marcos B. 14. Nevertheless, food packaging is a noteworthy contributor to MSW because food is the only product class typically consumed three times per day by virtually every person. Food Chem Toxicol. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. Packaging is usually wrongly considered as an additional economic and environmental cost rather than an added value for food loss reduction by improving food shelf-life. WasteWise is a voluntary partnership between EPA and U.S. businesses, institutions, nonprofit organizations, and government agencies to prevent waste, promote recycling, and purchase products made from recycled contents. Impact Factor 3.365 | CiteScore 4.3More on impact ›, Nutrition at the Crossroads: Food at the Intersection of Environmental, Economic, and Social Sustainability PTF: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS. Atarés L, Chiralt A. Forty-three percent of surveyed US consumers cited environmental impact as extremely or very important for packaging, compared with 77 percent for hygiene and food safety, 67 percent for shelf life, and 61 percent for ease of use. J Appl Polym Sci. PLoS ONE (2009) 4:e7940. History. (2017) 65:32–9. (2005) 70:M37–44. To address the main challenges listed above, there are some solutions, which are all underpinned by and aligns with principles of the circular bio-economy. Antimicrobial activities of isothiocyanates against Campylobacter jejuni isolates. Figure 6. The demand for bio-packaging solutions is growing worldwide. The environmental impact is actually one of the lowest of seven, after appearance and durability (Exhibit 2). In contrast, paperboard is seldom used for direct food contact, even though it is thicker than paper. (2017) 3:e1700782. Which is why we’re constantly improving the sustainability of our products and the way we work. There is an urgent need of a holistic approach to tailor packaging materials, validate their usage benefit and increase end-users' acceptability. (2015) 83:293–9. Most of them are still in their infancy and some efforts are still needed to market them and enable the food packaging economy to create virtuous cycles instead of depletive ones and harness the whole innovation potential of research made in the field of food, material, environmental, and computer sciences. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2005.05.004, 18. • Combustion, the controlled burning of waste in a designated facility, is an increasingly attractive alternative for waste that cannot be recycled or composted. Decision establishing the identification system for packaging materials; Data and reporting. Accordingly, food packaging accounts for almost two-thirds of total packaging waste by volume (Hunt et al., 1990). Other factors include environmental conditions during storage and distribution, product end-use, eventual package disposal, and costs related to the package throughout the production and distribution process. In: Innovations in Food Packaging (New York, NY: Elsevier Academic Press). The efficiency of new packaging solutions to reduce the overall environmental impact of the food/packaging system is never assessed on large-scale market nor communicated in easy-to-understand format to end-users. This makes food and beverage packaging a unique challenge for Nestlé and our industry. 1989. The term “bio” itself appears confusing for consumers, referring on one hand to the nature of resources and on the other hand to material end-of-life (biodegradability). Significant benefits are expected in terms of reduction of food waste thanks to shelf life extension (9, 10), especially by using a well dimensioned packaging material, adapted to food needs in term of preservation (8, 11). Convenience features such as unit packages, dispensability, and microwavability usually require additional packaging. Food Packaging and Its Environmental Impact. In 2005, 79 million tons (32.1%) of MSW was recovered through recycling and composting— slightly more than 58.4 million tons by recycling and 20.6 million tons by composting. Marking and identification. It is also necessary to enlarge industrial process-ability and functionalities of these materials that must be tailored to usage requirements while optimizing their cost. For instance, the control of O2 concentration in headspace limits oxidation reactions and growth of aerobic microorganisms, two main causes of food deterioration during storage. Mass transfers through the packaging material (transfer of gases, water vapor, aroma compounds, etc.) For instance, the European market for bio-based polymers (biodegradable or not) represents a current market value of almost € 4.5 billion, representing a CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 21% and is estimated to increase to 2 M tons by 2020 (31). Plain paper is not used to protect foods for long periods of time because it has poor barrier properties and is not heat sealable. doi: 10.1515/pacres-2017-0004, 49. doi: 10.1016/j.ifset.2011.06.012, 56. Knowledgeable efforts by industry, government, and consumers will promote continued improvement, and an understanding of the functional characteristics of packaging will prevent much of the well‑intentioned but ill‑advised solutions that do not adequately account for both pre- and post-consumer packaging factors. ABCC research report (2011). Food Control (2013) 29:444–50. Rome (2009). The Freedonia Group, 2011. The next step of a requirement driven approach to design packaging materials will be to consider, at the early stage of their scaling up, all the food, consumer, market, and legal requirements that the material should fulfill. Pollution and hazards from manufacturing . • Source Reduction (i.e., waste prevention) is reducing the amount and/or toxicity of the waste ultimately generated by changing the design, manufacture, purchase, or use of the original materials and products. Stenmarck Å, Jensen C, Quested T, Moates G. FUSIONS: Estimates of European Food Waste Levels. Plastic packaging is extremely wasteful and impacts earth’s ecosystems, on which we depend. PTF: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS. EPA analyzes MSW in two ways:1. Moreover, recycling and reuse are influenced by the costs of transporting, sorting, and cleaning collected materials. N Biotechnol. Ellen MacArthur Found (2015). Emadian SM, Onay TT, Demirel B. Biodegradation of bioplastics in natural environments. However, these tools are limited to some specific food applications. 12. Even though several new technologies were successfully developed at lab-scale all around Europe (more than 15,000 scientific papers dealing with bio-, and active technologies were published on the 2010–2015 period, Table 2), they never or very rarely reached the market (>500 exploited patents over the same period). (2016) 10:559–86. We can cite for example, the case of respiring products such as fresh fruits and vegetables, where the plastic film is perforated to compensate for the too high barrier properties of the packaging. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2008.09.011, 55. Monborren L. Etude de L'évolution du ≪ Smart Packaging ≫ Alimentaire et Analyse des Marchés des Pays Industrialisés : Actualité et Tendances (2015). Guillard V, Buche P, Destercke S, Tamani N, Croitoru M, Menut L, et al. Legislative and regulatory efforts to control packaging are based on the mistaken perception that packaging is the largest component of MSW. To tackle issues related to oil-based packaging, a lot of attention has been paid to raw materials to replace non-renewable oil resources. Pollution prevention is the primary focus, with a broader environmental scope than just waste reduction. Available online at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/resourcehtml?uri=cellar:c2b5929d-999e-11e5-b3b7-01aa75ed71a1.0018.02/DOC_1&format=PDF, 26. Available online at: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/projects/sites/iee-projects/files/projects/documents/biomass_futures_atlas_of_technical_and_economic_biomass_potential_en.pdf, 27. Our vision is not just some lofty ideal – we are working hard to deliver on it and help to achieve a waste-free future.

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