In 1798 or 1815, the French public may well have agreed with Renan. Even his friends smiled with pity. Delacroix was well-represented, with 35 works on exhibit; but Ingres had a larger room reserved exclusively for his 43 works.
It seemed conceivable that France, so long a dominant force in European civilization, might produce no more giants of the caliber of Descartes, Voltaire, Poussin, Rameau. Le Prince Napoleon, Président de la Commission (Paris, 1857), page 131. Of the 911 total exhibits from French colonies, 728 were from Algeria alone. Emperor Napoléon himself, though, had virtually grown up in England, and found much to admire in the culture and values of his home in exile. "(4) A site along the Champs-Elysées was chosen for the main exhibition hall, the Main 1855 Exposition Hall designed by Jean-Marie Viel and Alexandre BarraultAs early as 1798, French financiers knew that, in questions of manufacturing and marketing, England was the nation to beat.
The successes of the French army and navy in the Crimea — at Fedukhin Heights, Mamelon, and Malakoff — coincided with the On the issue of war and peace, there appeared to be a flat contradiction between the stated theme of the fair and the actions of Napoléon III. The Tournachon brothers were rewarded with the gold medal because of the positive contribution of photography to the study of human character.There were some contemporaries, however, who were deeply suspicious of such transfer of personality to the photographic print. The reception of the Queen and Prince Albert at the Exposition, where British and French exhibits competed peacefully side by side, was taken by both nations as an explicit and official message that the ancient military rivalry between France and England had come to an end.Emperor Napoleon III and Queen Victoria visit the Fine Arts Building at the 1855 ExpositionAt least one writer saw, in the visit of the queen of England to the French exposition, more than a mere political alliance.
The Algerian section featured exhibits of cereals, wines, tobacco, rare woods, musical instruments, and toys. Exactly ten years before the opening of the first universal exposition in Paris, the future father of the event was serving a lifetime prison term in the state military fortress at Ham. He goes on to contrast what he considers to be the ineptly illustrated French Delacroix’s essay is clearly more pointed in its criticism of things French than in the praise of things English. Attractions and celebrations overlooking Paris
And in one area, at least, French superiority was incontestable: the fine arts.Because of the longstanding antipathy between the fine arts and industry — the "beaux-arts" and the "arts utile" — the two groups never exhibited together in any of the national industrial expositions between 1801 and 1849.11 The English exhibition of 1851 achieved a partial rapprochement by allowing for a section of the exhibit to be devoted the sculpture — presumably because of technical processes of working with marble and bronze bore some resemblance to industrial techniques. The scene was held in good taste, Gounod having been one of signatories of the Artists’ Petition to protest against the erection of the Eiffel Tower!For the Universal Exhibition of 1889, four majestic wooden pavilions designed by Stephen Sauvestre decked the platform on the first floor. Aller à : navigation, rechercher. But the fortress at Ham could not restrain a man who proposed ocean-splicing canals and the eradication of poverty. Once admitted to the Exposition, a second battery of juries ranked the works of industry and fine arts. England grouped her possessions — Ceylon, Jamaica, British Guyana, Malta, Tasmania, the Bahamas, and of course her crown jewel, India — in the gallery annex. All these have the power to ennoble. The 1855 Exposition thereby had much more of a marketplace atmosphere than its English predecessor. Stretching over 95 hectares, the Exposition filled the Champ-de-Mars, the Trocadero Hill, and the banks up to the Invalides esplanade, and the Eiffel Tower was at the centre of everyone’s view.The 1889 Exposition Universelle received millions of visitors.
Lastly, the opening and closing of the Exposition were announced every day by a cannon shot fired from the top under the direction of a certain Mr. Chobert, the "harquebusier" of Paris, in his capacity as "qualified associate and medal-holder at the Exposition Universelle".All sorts of boutiques (sale of souvenirs, photographers’ booths, binocular rental, refreshments) and restaurants opened up on the monument.On the second floor, Le Figaro set up a printing works and produced a special edition of the daily newspaper on-site every day. "(15) With only a few exceptions (including Meissonier, Decamps, and a few youthful works by his rival Ingres), French painting is "obtuse," "vulgar," "banal," "without intention, without warmth." But victory was not the goal. In spite of a decree banning the Bonaparte family from France forever, Charles was elected After a parliamentary struggle with the retreating forces — supporters of the monarchy and revolutionaries who wished France to become a republic — Charles Louis took command of the army and forcibly dismissed the assembly. For many years after the exposition, the Compagnie du Palais de l'Industrie rented out the building for shows and expositions of all sorts. Eleven were accepted; and, though they attracted little attention in 1855, the works of Gustave Courbet would, in the passage of time, come to outshine his more respected and respectable contemporaries.Given Courbet's new vision of the world and the painter's métier, it is a credit to the jury that they recognized his talent and allowed eleven canvases to be exhibited. "(1) At that very moment, far away in the Crimean campaign, French, English, Turkish, Italian and Russian troops were engaged in a ferocious struggle over Russia's right to rule the Crimea.In the minds of most citizens of the Second Empire, there was no contradiction. Tour groups were organized to explain the wonders of the fair to the uninitiated. Critic Jean-Jacques Arnoux in his review of the The 1855 exposition marks the first major public display of products from the colonial empires of the world.
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